Category: Quintilian - Wittenberg Door Campus Ministry

Even Rhetoricians Retire

10/12/2018

Fridays are for Rhetoric!
10/12/18

Quintilian, and J.S. Watson. Institutes of Oratory. Edited by Lee Honeycutt, 2010. Kindle Electronic Edition. Book 12 Chapter 11.

Quintilian closes his treatise by noting that the orator also reaches the end of a career (Quintilian XII.11.1). There is a time when age causes a decline in our abilities. It is best to retire before that is obvious to others (Quintilian XII.11.4). This does not mean the work is over. A retired orator can take on disciples (Quintilian XII.11.5). The work of teaching and coaching is rewarding in its own right. Quintilian himself found it so (Quintilian XII.11.8). However, the teacher must realize the student will not grasp everything immediately. Learning remains a process (Quintilian XII.11.11). Of greatest importance is the character of the orator (Quintilian XII.11.12). This is developed over time and by life experience. There is no substitute (Quintilian XII.11.18). Quintilian values the lifestyle of a learner. He lists many who serve as examples.

Not Only One Oratorical Style

10/5/2018

Fridays are for Rhetoric!
10/5/18

Quintilian, and J.S. Watson. Institutes of Oratory. Edited by Lee Honeycutt, 2010. Kindle Electronic Edition. Book 12 Chapter 10.

In book 12 chapter 10 Quintilian gives us a conspectus of different styles and characteristics of oratory as found in different individuals and different locations. There are those who would admire the oratory of different people, different times, and different locations. This, Quintilian suspects, is because there is no such thing as perfect oratory (Quintilian XII.10.2). It may well be that there are apt comparisons between the art of oratory and other arts, such as painting. Quintilian goes on to describe different painters and their styles, then different sculptors and their styles. Likewise, oratory is varied. “If we contemplate the varieties of it, we find almost as much diversity in the minds as in the bodies of orators” (Quintilian XII.10.10). Quintilian summarizes the strengths of a variety of different Latin orators. At the pinnacle, he places Cicero (Quintilian XII.10.12) despite a variety of negative statements from Cicero’s contemporaries.

In addition to diversity based on the orator, Quintilian finds distinctions between different regions. He starts with differences between Attic and Asiatic oratory (Quintilian XII.10.16).The Asiatic style is more expansive with less compact energy than the Attic style. That of Rhodes seems to be placed between the Attic and Asiatic style (Quintilian XII.10.18). Quintilian assesses them, concluding that “that of the Attics is by far the best” (Quintilian XII.10.20). Again, he summarizes the styles of a variety of different orators. Some of the stylistic differences Quintilian assigns to the differences between dialects. As we might expect, he sometimes prefers the Latin oratory because it doesn’t fall into the clumsy speech patterns he finds in Latin (Quintilian XII.10.28 ff). Then again, there are some sounds which are more pleasing in Greek (Quintilian XII.10.33). It is a “sweet” language, bearing a musicality which Quintilian thinks Latin orators should also find. However, he says that Latin oratory certainly has more weighty forms than those of the Greeks (Quintilian XII.10.36).

The style of oratory also differs to a greater or lesser degree from ordinary speech. While some might like to use plain speech, Quintilian thinks the orator should use special language in his arguments (Quintilian XII.10.43). While the speech does not want to be full of affectations, it sould be embellished appropriately. As to differences between speaking and writing, Quintilian does recognize that there are ornaments which work better in speaking. Speaking and writing do not need to be the same, as there are some types of arguments which are more effective in a written form (Quintilian XII.10.50). However, in Quintilian’s opinion, the orator should speak as he would write whenever possible (Quintilian XII.10.55).

Quintilian next discusses three different levels of eloquence. He finds that speeches can be divided among those which are “plain,” “grand,” and “florid” (Quintilian XII.10.5). Most narrative or proofs will be presented in a plain style. The middle works in a pleasing manner to gain memorability. The florid style is used to apply extra force to an argument and move adoption of an idea (Quintilian XII.10.59-61). A skillful orator will move among the different styles as needed, in a seamless manner. It is all on a continuum, so the different styles cannot necessarily be identified in a definitive and objective way (Quintilian XII.10.66). The wise and skillful orator will learn to find the right tone for each part of an argument, for each situation, and for each audience.

Speech as Planned Battle

9/28/2018

Fridays are for Rhetoric!
9/28/18

Quintilian, and J.S. Watson. Institutes of Oratory. Edited by Lee Honeycutt, 2010. Kindle Electronic Edition. Book 12 Chapter 9.

In book 12 chapter 9 Quintilian turns to some responsibilities that an orator has, not specifically related to pleading his case. He should guard against the desire of momentary praise. True eloquence does not necessarily gather praise. But it is always a good strategy (Quintilian XII.9.2). Those who seek applause will not necessarily pursue the best arguments (Quintilian XII.9.4). In fact, Quintilian notes, ancient orators would downplay their own eloquence, counting on the design of the speech instead (Quintilian XII.9.5). An orator should also be willing to take on cases which are not prominent. There is honor in working with relatively mundane situations (Quintilian XII.9.7). Quintilian would rather see the orator work in an understated manner. He also notes that some orators delight in attacking the advocates of an opposing group. This kind of personal attack does not further the cause. However, it creates real enemies, needlessly (Quintilian XII.9.11). On a positive note, orators should prepare for each case as well as possible (Quintilian XII.9.15). This requires limiting the case load. He will also want to make his arguments carefully, as part of his adequate preparation. The preparation, therefore, will have anticipated the possible objections and counter arguments so as to respond fluently (Quintilian XII.9.18). The adequate preparation will leave the orator fluent, “armed and standing prepared, as it were, for battle” (Quintilian XII.9.21).

Please Don't Confuse Ease with Lack of Preparation

9/21/2018

Fridays are for Rhetoric!
9/21/18

Quintilian, and J.S. Watson. Institutes of Oratory. Edited by Lee Honeycutt, 2010. Kindle Electronic Edition. Book 12 Chapter 8.

The work of an orator requires a great deal of study and preparation. Quintilian is concerned that orators do not prepare themselves adequately. They need to read and understand all the material related to their cases (Quintilian XII.8.2). Those who do not prepare often try to cover for their lack of preparation. Despite the various ways an orator tries to avoid proper preparations, all can be proven inadequate. Therefore, a responsible orator gains extensive understanding of his cases (Quintilian XII.8.7). Quintilian freely admits that not all evidence will be used in the court. Yet it must all be known to the orator (Quintilian XII.8.14). In this way, the orator can evaluate each argument he may need to answer. He can also consider what the judge would find most compelling (Quintilian XII.8.15).

Pursuit of Justice Doesn't Require Free Services

9/14/2018

Fridays are for Rhetoric!
9/14/18

Quintilian, and J.S. Watson. Institutes of Oratory. Edited by Lee Honeycutt, 2010. Kindle Electronic Edition. Book 12 Chapter 7.

In book 12 chapter 7 Quintilian moves to the best work for a young orator. He recommends working in defense before prosecution (Quintilian XII.7.1). Defending people appropriately but allowing justice to operate against the guilty is an important public service (Quintilian XII.7.2). The good orator will consider the character and case of those who would bring cases. He should pursue justice in just causes (Quintilian XII.7.6). He can and should receive payment (Quintilian XII.7.9). However, he should not be seen as a profiteer.

Youth and Experience Valuable

9/7/2018

Fridays are for Rhetoric!
9/7/18

Quintilian, and J.S. Watson. Institutes of Oratory. Edited by Lee Honeycutt, 2010. Kindle Electronic Edition. Book 12 Chapter 6.

Quintilian discusses the appropriate age for an orator to carry on cases in public in book 12 chapter 6. He notes that many orators have begun public cases at an early age (Quintilian XII.6.1). However, maturity is required of an orator (Quintilian XII.6.2). This does not mean that one must reach an advanced age before working as an orator. “If we estimate the two separately, practice without learning will be of more avail than learning without practice” (Quintilian XII.6.4). It is important that the orator, at first, practice with cases which are not too difficult (Quintilian XII.6.6). This can spur the young speaker to refine his skills more until he is fully mature.

Natural Ability Doesn't Hurt

8/31/2018

Fridays are for Rhetoric!
8/31/18

Quintilian, and J.S. Watson. Institutes of Oratory. Edited by Lee Honeycutt, 2010. Kindle Electronic Edition. Book 12 Chapter 5.

Quintilian sums up the tools of the orator in XII.5. He compares them more to weapons of war than to an artist’s tools (Quintilian XII.5.1). But above all, the orator needs a steady mind. He cannot afford to be distracted (Quintilian XII.5.2). The message needs to be communicated clearly and without flinching (Quintilian XII.5.3). The orator who is utterly confident in his art and who also has a naturally good ability will be outstanding (Quintilian XII.5.6).

A Storehouse of Examples

8/24/2018

Fridays are for Rhetoric!
8/24/18

Quintilian, and J.S. Watson. Institutes of Oratory. Edited by Lee Honeycutt, 2010. Kindle Electronic Edition. Book 12 Chapter 4.

In this very brief chapter, Quintilian urges the orator to have many examples. This allows the speaker to bring any sort of testimony which could be useful to a case (Quintilian XII.4.1).

Cases Are Built on Law and Custom, Not Merely Words

8/17/2018

Fridays are for Rhetoric!
8/17/18

Quintilian, and J.S. Watson. Institutes of Oratory. Edited by Lee Honeycutt, 2010. Kindle Electronic Edition. Book 12 Chapter 3.

In book 12 chapter 3 Quintilian reminds the reader that an orator must be familiar with law, customs, and religion of a state in order to exercise influence. Without such wide ranging understanding he cannot convince a judge of a policy (Quintilian XII.3.2). Great familiarity is needed especially for dealing with cross examinations (Quintilian XII.3.3). Knowledge of customs and laws should be an easy thing. All can be learned by observation and research (Quintilian XII.3.7). A sensible orator should therefore be well prepared for cases. Quintilian wholeheartedly endorses the idea of reading extensively. This is the orator’s most necessary habit.

The Orator, a Good and Trained Person

8/10/2018

Fridays are for Rhetoric!
8/10/18

Quintilian, and J.S. Watson. Institutes of Oratory. Edited by Lee Honeycutt, 2010. Kindle Electronic Edition. Book 12 Chapter 2.

Based on the concept of an orator as a good man, Quintilian goes on to say that morality is something which can and should be cultivated (Quintilian XII.2.1). A meaningful sense of morality is grounded in understanding moral principles (Quintilian XII.2.3). Quintilian finds these principles in the various philosophers. He does not, however, think orators need to become hilosophers. The two fields are distinct (Quintilian XII.2.7). Nonetheless, the different types of philosophy can inform the orator. Quintilian discusses these in brief, according to their branches: dialictics, ethics, and natural philosophy (Quintilian XII.2.10).

Dialectic, the philosophy of argumentation, is very relevant to an orator. Orators use verbal arguments with precision (Quintilian XII.2.11). Moral philsophy deals with the determination of good and evil. This is closely related to the work of an orator. Very few legal cases do not consider right and wrong (Quintilian XII.2.16). The general application of specific moral principles moves an orator from moral philosophy into oratory which is concerned with policy (Quintilian XII.2.18). Quintilian ties this to natural philosophy, in which the orator needs to understand the overarching themes including prophecies and divine actions (Quintilian XII.2.21).

Quintilian asks about appropriate training. He cites a number of philosophers and rhetoricians, concluding that an orator can draw on various sources (Quintilian XII.2.27). The good orator studies ideas from all times and places to develop the most sound moral foundation (Quintilian XII.2.31). This will develop knowledge and boldness.

The True Orator Speaks for Good

8/3/2018

Fridays are for Rhetoric!
8/3/18

Quintilian, and J.S. Watson. Institutes of Oratory. Edited by Lee Honeycutt, 2010. Kindle Electronic Edition. Book 12 Chapter 1.

As he introduceds book 12, Quintilian observes that he has found his project daunting. In addition to the skills of an orator, Quintilian seeks to describe the character of an orator (Quintilian XII.introduction.3). This has already been done b Marcus Cato, who says an orator is “a good man skilled in speaking” (Quintilian XII.1.1). Rhetoric, properly, is used for good, not for harm. The orator must be of a noble and sound mind (Quintilian XII.1.4). The calm and temperate spirit of the orator is not to be disturbed by greed or anxiety (Quintilian XII.1.7). A good man is better able to demonstrate what is true and just (Quintilian XII.1.11). The good man’s credibility will assist him. Quintilian grants and even establishes with examples the weakness of various orators. However, he retains the value of integrity (Quintilian XII.1.24). The prime objective, then, in training a young orator, is to instill good character (Quintilian XII.1.31). This does not mean that the good orator is unfamiliar with vice and evil. It does mean that he will strive to be on the side of good (Quintilian XII.1.35).

Delivery of a Speech Must Fit the Setting

7/27/2018

Fridays are for Rhetoric!
7/27/18

Quintilian, and J.S. Watson. Institutes of Oratory. Edited by Lee Honeycutt, 2010. Kindle Electronic Edition. Book 11 Chapter 3.

In book 11 chapter 3 Quintilian discusses the delivery of speeches in detail. The chapter is quite lengthy. He discusses everything from the use of the voice to gesture, expression, clthing, and the need for careful practice. Effective delivery is very powerful in every way (Quintilian XI.3.2). Quintilian supports this idea with many examples. Careful preparation and presentation is a matter of prime importance (Quintilian XI.3.10). This is both a matter of natural ability and of training (Quintilian XI.3.12). The voice should be strong and unimpeded (Quintilian XI.3.15). Quintilian recommends speaking practice much the same way an athlete practices, as it is a physical skill (Quintilian XI.3.25). Pronunciation of each word is important to the task of delivery (Quintilian XI.3.33). The roups of words should be broken up according to sense, not merely at random (Quintilian XI.3.35). The context drives the amount of time to allow at different breaks (Quintilian XI.3.38). Quintilian continues to speak of vocal control, giving numerous examples. He especially finds a sing-song tone annoying (Quintilian XI.3.57). Meaningful gesture is also of great value (Quintilian XI.3.65). Quintilian illustrates the posture and all movements as gesture. He specifically speaks of positive and negative hand gestures in some detail (Quintilian XI.3.92ff). Gestures can and should be thought out and purposeful (Quintilian XI.3.110). Quintilian advocates orators paying attention, but not excessive attention to their clothes and hair (Quintilian XI.3.137). The orator also needs to adjust delivery based on the audience and setting. Finding an appropriate style of presentation is very important (Quintilian XI.3.150). Quintilian continues with a number of checklist type question the orator can ask himself. Above all, the orator must find the proper type of decorum for the setting and the topic (Quintilian XI.3.177). This is part of the art, not a science.

Strengthen That Memory Muscle!

7/20/2018

Fridays are for Rhetoric!
7/20/18

Quintilian, and J.S. Watson. Institutes of Oratory. Edited by Lee Honeycutt, 2010. Kindle Electronic Edition. Book 11 Chapter 2.

In book 11 chapter 2 Quintilian speaks of the cultivation and use of memory. While memory differs from one person to another, it can be strengthened. Everybody depends on memory for many daily tasks (Quintilian XI.2.1). It is necessary for the orator to remember an opponent’s points (Quintilian XI.2.2). It is also very important in extemporaneous speech to remember our organization (Quintilian XI.2.3). Those who can work with a strong memory are able to master very intricate arguments (Quintilian XI.2.8). Quintilian describes Simonides’ work with memorization tactics. He also observes that others have been masters of memory. Much seems to be related to an ability to construct memorable patterns (Quintilian XI.2.17). The patterns are associated with ideas for use in our argument. The speech becomes memorable in this way. Memorization of a large work is best done in small parts (Quintilian XI.2.27). Again, the tactic will differ from one person to another. Recognizable notes are also a great aid to the memory (Quintilian XI.2.32). Learning, studying, memorizing, and repeating information are critical habits for any rhetorician (Quintilian XI.2.40).

Respectability and Truth

7/13/2018

Fridays are for Rhetoric!
7/13/18

Quintilian, and J.S. Watson. Institutes of Oratory. Edited by Lee Honeycutt, 2010. Kindle Electronic Edition. Book 11 Chapter 1.

Quintilian starts book XI with the need for the orator to be sensitive to the occasion and audience (Quintilian XI.1.1). Orators wish to accomplih a goal. The effect of oratory is thus important (Quintilian XI.1.2). Stylistic considerations matter a great deal in this. Quintilian goes n to list several ways in which speech must be accessible to the intended audience. Not only the words used, but also the “invention,” is important. By “invention” Quintilian refers to the selection and creation of subjects (Quintilian XI.1.7). An argument which is very fitting to a topic is preferable to one which is only passingly similar (Quintilian XI.1.8).

It is best for the orator to avoid praising himself and his eloquence. We prefer to raise the humble ourselves (Quintilian XI.1.16). The orator who praises himself is often dismissed. Quintilian does, however, illustrate some appropriate and gentle reminders of the orator’s expertise (Quintilian XI.1.25).

The speaker should carry himself respectfully “An impudent, noisy, and angry tone is unbecoming in all speakers, but the more remarkable a speaker is for age, dignity, or experience, the more blamable he is if he adopts it” (Quintilian XI.1.29). At the same time, not all speakers can or should be alike (Quintilian XI.1.31). Attention to the character of the speaker and the hearer is crucial (Quintilian XI.1.43).

The time and setting of a speech are also important. Quintilian notes that what is appropriate at one event may not be at another (Quintilian XI.1.46). He illustrates this at length. The respect shown to persons and settings should not negate the truth. It is appropriate to prase or condemn what is worth of such a response (Quintilian XI.1.73). Though diplomacy is important, the orator must be truthful.

Short Notice but Not Unprepared

7/6/2018

Fridays are for Rhetoric!
7/6/18

Quintilian, and J.S. Watson. Institutes of Oratory. Edited by Lee Honeycutt, 2010. Kindle Electronic Edition. Book 10 Chapter 7.

In book 10 chapter 7 Quintilian praises the ability to speak well without specific preparation. “But the richest fruit of all our study, and the most ample recompense for the extent of our labor, is the faculty of speaking extempore (Quintilian X.7.1). It is the honor of a man to be able to serve in emergencies. The orator needs to be able to respond to a situation just as a sailor deals with changing conditions (Quintilian X.7.3).

To gain this ability the orator needs to be able to organize ideas in a logical order at will (Quintilian X.7.5). The power of fluency is increased by practice in careful writing (Quintilian X.7.7). This involves mental dexterity as the orator is speaking while planning ahead (Quintilian X.7.11).

Quintilian cautions against the assumption that extremporaneous speaking is easy. It takes a great deal of mental effort and practice (Quintilian X.7.18). He also reminds the reader that some time for preparation is almost always availabke, even if it is a short time (Quintilian X.7.20).

Once the ability to speak extempore has been gained, it requires ongoing cultivation (Quintilian X.7.24). It can be practiced orally or mentally and deserves some attention regularly. Having a habit of care in words is also helpful (Quintilian X.7.28). In reality, most speakers engage in a combination of prepared and spontaneous elements (Quintilian X.7.30).

Considering Situations - Part of Preparedness

6/29/2018

Fridays are for Rhetoric!
6/29/18

Quintilian, and J.S. Watson. Institutes of Oratory. Edited by Lee Honeycutt, 2010. Kindle Electronic Edition. Book 10 Chapter 6.

Quintilian takes some time to emphasize the importance of careful consideration. It is possible to consider a case and the available arguments even when not writing (Quintilian X.6.1). Practice in thinking and mental review is necessary. Quintilian urges systematic practice to this end (Quintilian X.6.3). The practice of memorization does not need to govern the entirety of a speech. It allows for insertion of ideas or phrases which occur to the speaker in the moment (Quintilian X.6.5).

Good Speakers Practice Writing Well

6/22/2018

Fridays are for Rhetoric!
6/22/18

Quintilian, and J.S. Watson. Institutes of Oratory. Edited by Lee Honeycutt, 2010. Kindle Electronic Edition. Book 10 Chapter 5.

In book 10 chapter 5 Quintilian considers what kind of writing is most valuable. “What is now to be considered is from where copiousness and facility of expression may be derived” (Quintilian X.5.1). He advocates translation of Greek works into Latin. The Greeks provided excellent examples of depth and breadth of invention. Their language difference provides considerable room for exercises of thought (Quintilian X.5.3). He also advocates rephrasing and retelling works already in Latin (Quintilian X.5.4). This practice makes the student observe a work carefully and practice care with wording (Quintilian X.5.8). Original writing about a variety of topics is also of great benefit (Quintilian X.5.10).

Compositions should include theses, refutations, and defenses (Quintilian X.5.11-12). Commonplace writing is also useful. Speaking of familiar questions in an intelligent and fluent manner is helpful to the orator. Quintilian also advocates writing of declamations, especially adapted to real cases (Quintilian X.5.14). Experience with real cases is of great value (Quintilian X.5.20). Working with current information grounds a student in the reality of conflicts. The teacher should also work to correct and improve writing (Quintilian X.5.22). This is of great value to a budding orator.

Are You Ever Ready to Publish?

6/15/2018

Fridays are for Rhetoric!
6/15/18

Quintilian, and J.S. Watson. Institutes of Oratory. Edited by Lee Honeycutt, 2010. Kindle Electronic Edition. Book 10 Chapter 4.

In book 10 chapter four Quintilian discusses corrections to a rhetorician’s writing. In essence, we add material, remove material, or change it (Quintilian X.4.1). The correction is more difficult than adding and removing material. Because the orator often works on a deadline, it is important that he learn to make changes promptly and be finished. Orators often make the mistake of correction for the sake of correction. This may make a work worse (Quintilian X.4.3). It is important to know when to leave well enough alone.

Careful Writing Regardless of Surroundings

6/8/2018

Fridays are for Rhetoric!
6/8/18

Quintilian, and J.S. Watson. Institutes of Oratory. Edited by Lee Honeycutt, 2010. Kindle Electronic Edition. Book 10 Chapter 3.

The art of rhetoric has a great dependence on writing. Quintilian emphasizes the usefulness of care in writing. “We must write...as carefully and as much as we can…[because]improvement of the mind, acquired from more than mere superficial cultivation, pours forth the fruits of stud in richer abundance and retains them with greater fidelity” (Quintilian X.3.2). Careful writing enables the speaker to have a stock of words and patterns to use (Quintilian X.3.3). The exercise of working with words will build ability.

Quintilian asks “how and what we ought principally to write” (Quintilian X.3.5). He recommends working slowly and carefully, being sensitive to rhythm and impact. Repetitive practice, even writing the same thing after a break, is of great value (Quintilian X.3.6). It builds a memory of our best work. Revision and care will build confidence. Speed will follow (Quintilian X.3.9). “By writing quickly, we are not brought to write well, but...by writing well we are brought to write quickly” (Quintilian X.3.10).

Quintilian goes on to discuss those who are pleased with all their work and those who find fault with all their work. Both are defects. We do best when we seek to improve but are eventually satisfied (Quintilian X.3.15).

Though the work of writing well demands concentration and some privacy Quintilian notes that we may not always have ideal conditions (Quintilian X.3.22). Peace, concentration, and a healthy balance of rest and activity will aid the writer (Quintilian X.3.26). However, it is altogether possible to discipline the mind for concentration even in distracting settings (Quintilian X.3.28).

Quintilian suggests a writing medium such as a wax tablet with blank space. It is easy to erase and make insertions (Quintilian X.3.31).

Imitation Is Fine, But Eventually We Must Find Our Own Voice

6/1/2018

Fridays are for Rhetoric!
6/1/18

Quintilian, and J.S. Watson. Institutes of Oratory. Edited by Lee Honeycutt, 2010. Kindle Electronic Edition. Book 10 Chapter 2.

Quintilian contends that imitation in writing and speaking is very important. This is the way we learn in all areas of life (Quintilian X.2.2). However, we do not rely entirely on imitation. Creativity always goes beyond pure imitation (Quintilian X.2.4). The patterns of those we imitation my be very well mastered. The actual details of the subject show our ability to use patterns well (Quintilian X.2.13). Quintilian concludes that the good teacher will strive to cultivate the ability of students to work with the good qualities of others, and to build on them (Quintilian X.2.20). Finding the different expressive quality appropriate to the task is also important. Quintilian urges students to seek out the needed tone in all their work (Quintilian X.2.25).

Different Authors, Different Styles

5/25/2018

Fridays are for Rhetoric!
5/25/18

Quintilian, and J.S. Watson. Institutes of Oratory. Edited by Lee Honeycutt, 2010. Kindle Electronic Edition. Book 10 Chapter 1.

Quintilian book 10 chapter one is a rather lengthy instruction on the value of reading broadly. The competent orator needs to be in the habit of reading, writing, and speaking (Quintilian X.1.2). He compares this practice to the training of an athlete. The ongoing practice sharpens the learned skills (Quintilian X.1.4). Wise judgment about word and structural choices is learned through extensive and intelligent reading (Quintilian X.1.8). While it is possible to learn well by hearing speakers, reading is also helpful. Quintilian advocates reading as it allows careful analysis which will not be swayed by the orator’s speaking style (Quintilian X.1.17). He compares careful analysis to digestion of food. It takes time and care.
Most important, Quintilian says, is reading “none but the best authors...and such as are least likely to mislead him who trusts them” (Quintilian X.1.20). Repeated reading allows attention to the overall structure and the details. Considering opposing viewpoints is also of great value (Quintilian X.1.22). Quintilian gives numerous examples of speeches on opposite sides of issues. He also reminds his readers that the best of authors still are imperfect (Quintilian X.1.24). A breadth of genre is also important. Poetry is of great value to the orator (Quintilian X.1.27). History is also of great value (Quintilian X.1.31). Above all, knowledge of facts from history is of great help to an orator (Quintilian X.1.34). Philosophers have yet another style of discourse. Their arguments and logic are helpful, though the style is less useful in oratory (Quintilian X.1.36). While many might ask for a list of authors to be read, Quintilian hesitates to do so. Any attempt will be incomplete (Quintilian X.1.41). However after discussing some of the general characteristics of various periods, locations, and types of literature, Quintilian goes on to list a large number of important authors, beginning in paragraph 46. Of interest and value are his observations of the particular characteristics of the different authors.

Rhythm and Pacing

5/18/2018

Fridays are for Rhetoric!
5/18/18

Quintilian, and J.S. Watson. Institutes of Oratory. Edited by Lee Honeycutt, 2010. Kindle Electronic Edition. Book 9 Chapter 4.
Quintilian closes book 9 with a lengthy chapter on the importance of careful composition. He draws much of his inspiration for this chapter from Cicero, whose work on composition was very painstaking (Quintilian IX.4.1). Counter to those who strive for a more “natural” style, Quintilian states that all the arts do make improvements over time (Quintilian IX.4.4). Orderly sounds, actions, and thoughts are superior to disorderly ones (Quintilian IX.4.13). Cadence and arrangement of sentences and phrases are what make elegance and persuasive force. Language has always worked this way (Quintilian IX.4.18).
Quintilian identifies “two kinds of style, one compact and of a firm texture, the other of a looser nature, such as is used in common conversation and in familiar letters…” (Quintilian IX.4.19). Both styles are valid but they are not the same in their persuasive abilities. “But in all composition there are three particulars necessary to be observed: order, junction, and rhythm” (Quintilian IX.4.22).
As to order, an increase in the strength of language is more effective than a decrease (Quintilian IX.4.23). Arrangement should be in some logically persuasive order. Connection, or junction is the way words are joined. Quintilian gives examples of features of strings of words which will be unpleasant or otherwise ineffective (Quintilian IX.4.33). He details various ways in which elisions of sounds will naturally occur. The overall rhythm of speech is dependent in one way or another on the number and length of syllables (Quintilian IX.4.45). While poetic meter has very specific rhythmic requirements the rhythm of prose does not (Quintilian IX.4.50). Rhythm and other sound choices are important in a composition. “However, the triumph of art in this department is to understand what word is most suitable for any particular place” (Quintilian IX.4.60). However, Quintilian reminds the reader that a speech is not to be given in poetic meter (Quintilian IX.4.72). The different parts of metric speech nave various names. Quintilian illustrates rhythm using brief combinations of words and naming the rhythms created in sections 72-111.
Quintilian is clear that the orator’s efforts should not consist of analyzing speeches to categorize the sounds. Rather, he should capture the beauty and force of the language (Quintilian IX.4.113). Although it may not always be possible to define the reason a particular way of speaking is preferable, it is recognized that some rhythmic organization is superior (Quintilian IX.4.120). Quintilian then reverts to a further discussion of the metrical and rhythmic elements of periodic speech. The length of periods and balance of rhythm must be meaningful (Quintilian IX.4.125). The pacing of the speech makes its own impact. It should be selected quite purposely (Quintilian IX.4.131).

Balance, Rhythm, and Appropriate Word Choice

5/11/2018

Fridays are for Rhetoric!
5/11/18

Quintilian, and J.S. Watson. Institutes of Oratory. Edited by Lee Honeycutt, 2010. Kindle Electronic Edition. Book 9 Chapter 3.
Quintilian aptly observes that language usage changes over time. Whether it is actually improving or not, the language does change (Quintilian IX.3.1). Regardless, some verbal figures have to do with the words themselves and some have to do with the organization of the phrases (Quintilian IX.3.2). Quintilian warns against using figures of speech too much or too little (Quintilian IX.3.4). He compares figures to seasoning in food. Common figures in Latin would include use of nouns in an unexpected gender or use of deponent or passive verbs where the active voice would be more customary (Quintilian IX.3.6-7). Less common may be a variety of verb tenses or unusual construction involving one part of speech used as another. Quintilian illustrates this with passages from numerous authors.
The process of change of part of speech leads rather naturally to use of phrases, clauses, or even sentences in unusual manners, such as when the speaker interrupts himself (Quintilian IX.3.23). Quintilian illustrates these larger syntactic figures from various authors. Some may include use of parallelism or repetition of the beginning or end of lines (Quintilian IX.3.29ff). The arrangement may even involve repetition within a long sentence or throughout a paragraph (Quintilian IX.3.43).
Quintilian does provide a useful catalog of various figures of syntax, beginning at 9.3.49. All serve to shape an overall message. The language rises and falls to create a sensible contour (Quintilian IX.3.54).
Quintilian further discusses figures created by omission of words, seeking “the merit of brevity or novelty” (Quintilian IX.3.58). The omission of words, as well as a use of similar sounding words in parallel sentences, may be very effective in balancing the phrasing of a speech (Quintilian IX.3.66). Use of very similar words so as to create a pun of sorts is a punishment which renders Quintilian out of sorts (Quintilian IX.3.70). Balance in language, however, is a good thing (Quintilian IX.3.75). Quintilian illustrates and names several ways that balance can be accomplished.
The line between a figure of words and a figure of thought may blur from time to time (Quintilian IX.3.88). An example would be an expression of doubt or one of personification. Both words and ideas are at work in these statements. Of particular use in this portion of Quintilian’s work is his frequent mention of other orators, their works, and the categories of figures which they provide. Finally, Quintilian observes that any figures of speech and thought should be used judiciously (Quintilian IX.3.100). Overuse or too little use are both failings in eloquent communication.

Figures of Speech and Character

5/4/2018

Fridays are for Rhetoric!
5/4/18

Quintilian, and J.S. Watson. Institutes of Oratory. Edited by Lee Honeycutt, 2010. Kindle Electronic Edition. Book 9 Chapter 2.
In book 9 chapter 2 Quintilian continues his discussion of figures of speech. He observes that while he tends to be minimal in classification of figures other rhetoricians divide the categories quite extensively (Quintilian IX.2.1). The art of speaking well doubtless uses all sorts of devices (Quintilian IX.2.3). However, in general, Quintilian is more ready to use these attractive features of language than to analyze them. He illustrates the very common interrogation, noting that there are many forms of questioning which could be organized into categories. Likewise, replies can be categorized (Quintilian IX.2.11). It is further quite possible to ask and answer questions so as to create an opinion in the minds of the hearers (Quintilian IX.2.26).
Closely related is an invention of entire characters and dialogs in a speech (Quintilian IX.2.30). This practice allows the speaker to place positive or negative statements into the mouths of characters, using irony, sarcasm, and the like in ways which may otherwise not be accepted by the listener (Quintilian IX.2.48). Another common figure is self-interruption. This leaves an idea unexpressed but still makes it clear, as the listener will fill in any gaps (Quintilian IX.2.54). Another valuable figure is that of making our speech seem accidental and unprepared. This can reduce the suspicions of our opponents (Quintilian IX.2.60). A very common figure is speech which does not state the conclusion but leads the hearers to make a conclusion (Quintilian IX.2.65). Quintilian urges against excessive use of figures. They are not the main proofs of a case (Quintilian IX.2.72). Unfortunately, schools of declamation may tend to depend on figures of speech or use them regardless of their appropriateness (Quintilian IX.2.81). This prepares orators poorly. Quintilian details ways to overcome these defects in training. Quintilian finally lists a number of figures of speech or thought classified by Celsus (Quintilian IX.2.102ff) and others.

Figures and Tropes

4/27/2018

Fridays are for Rhetoric!
4/27/18

Quintilian, and J.S. Watson. Institutes of Oratory. Edited by Lee Honeycutt, 2010. Kindle Electronic Edition. Book 9 Chapter 1.
Quintilian has previously addressed the idea of tropes. Now he speaks of “figures,” which are often confused with tropes. They are very similar and are used in much the same way, making confusion natural (Quintilian IX.1.3). “A trope...is an expression turned from its natural and principal signification to another.” “A figure...is a form of speech differing from the common and ordinary mode of expression” (Quintilian IX.1.4). Quintilian then summarizes the tropes about which he wrote previously. He then shows that figures use natural words in their normal order (Quintilian IX.1.7). The idea of a figure of speech used here is “that which deviates, by poetical or oratorical phraseology, from the simple and ordinary modes of speaking” (Quintilian IX.1.13). Most authors will distinguish between figures of thought and figures of speech (Quintilian IX.1.18). The figures of thought are the processes used to approach a topic. The order of ideas or the way one proves a point is a figure of thought (Quintilian IX.1.21). Quintilian continues with extensive quotes from Cicero De Oratore book 3 (Quintilian IX.1.21). Cicero lists many ways in which speech can be varied to accomplish a purpose.