Wittenberg Door Campus Ministry
  • Home
  • Calendar
    • Calendar
    • Events
  • Blog
  • Recording Archives
  • Resources
    • Bible Study - John's Gospel
    • Greek Tutorials
  • About
    • About Wittenberg CoMo
    • Support Us
    • Contact Us
  • Position Papers
  • Sandbox

Wrapping up Enthymemes

1/8/2016

0 Comments

 
Fridays are for Philosophy  1/8/16
Aristotle, and W. Rhys Roberts. Rhetoric. Mineola, NY: Dover, 2004. Kindle Electronic Edition.
Book II, chapter 26

Aristotle closes this book of his Art of Rhetoric by clarifying that Amplification and Depreciation are not classes of enthymemes. He also states that Refutative enthymemes fit in the same category as Constructive enthymemes. He will move next to deal with Style and Arrangement,having already covered invention.
0 Comments

Details, Details

1/1/2016

0 Comments

 
Fridays are for Philosophy  1/1/16
Wilson, Douglas, and Nathan D. Wilson. The Rhetoric Companion: A Student's Guide to Power in Persuasion. Moscow, Idaho: Canon, 2011.
Lesson 31, “Putting It All Together” pp. 149-152.

Wilson close this book with a reminder that the rhetorician must remember a great many details. Wilson strongly recommends that the confidence needed for public speaking be placed not in the speaker or his preparation, but in God (Wilson 2011, 149). A great deal of preparation must always go into speaking well, practicing the skill of pulling ethos, pathos, and logos together, practicing the mechanics, and being well prepared (Wilson 2011, 150-151).

0 Comments

Refuting Arguments

1/1/2016

0 Comments

 
Fridays are for Philosophy  1/1/16
Aristotle, and W. Rhys Roberts. Rhetoric. Mineola, NY: Dover, 2004. Kindle Electronic Edition.
Book II, chapter 25

Having introduced the genuine and apparent enthymemes, Aristotle now discusses how to refute them. “An argument may be refuted, either by a counter-syllogism or by bringing an objection” (Aristotle II.25, B. 1402a). A contrary syllogism may be constructed by using parallel but differing ideas. An objection can be made in several ways. Aristotle first discusses attacking the opponent’s statement. By this he means pointing out an exception to a universal statement or concept (Aristotle II.25 B. 1402b). It is also possible to show that the opposite of a universal conclusion is not universal. Aristotle calls this “an objection from a contrary statement” (Aristotle II.25, B. 1402b). He then identifies the parallel “objection from a like statement” (Aristotle II.25, B. 1402b). Here the speaker observes that a parallel universal statement may not be true, therefore the opponent’s universal may also not be true.

Aristotle reminds the reader that an enthymeme is based on probability, an example, an infallible sign, or an ordinary sign (Aristotle II.75, B. 1402b). An argument from probability can often be overturned. One from a fallible sign can always be refuted. An argument based on example is susceptible to a counter example. One from an infallible sign cannot be overcome unless it contains a logical fallacy (Aristotle II.25, B. 1403a).
0 Comments

Gestures and Eyes

12/25/2015

0 Comments

 
Fridays are for Philosophy  12/25/15
Wilson, Douglas, and Nathan D. Wilson. The Rhetoric Companion: A Student's Guide to Power in Persuasion. Moscow, Idaho: Canon, 2011.
Lesson 30, “Eye Contact” pp. 145-147.

Wilson reminds the reader that eye contact is a very important gesture. The speaker’s role is to create in the audience a love for the material of the speech (Wilson 2011, 145). It is not a problem for the speaker to look at his notes. This is a valid activity. However, the contact with notes and material is like contact with the audience. It is intended to draw the content and the hearers together (Wilson 2011, 146).
0 Comments

Faulty Conclusions

12/25/2015

0 Comments

 
Fridays are for Philosophy  12/25/15
Aristotle, and W. Rhys Roberts. Rhetoric. Mineola, NY: Dover, 2004. Kindle Electronic Edition.
Book II, chapter 24.

Aristotle shows that there are enthymemes which are not genuine. It is quite possible to make a conclusive statement which is not based on any evidence given (Aristotle II.24, B. 1401a). Words may also be redefined so as to assert a false conclusion (Aristotle II.24, B. 1401a). It is also possible to assert of a whole what is true of its parts. This is another fallacy, as a whole and its parts might not be identical (Aristotle II.24, B. 1401a). Another common false argument is accomplished, “if the prosecutor goes into a passion, he produces an impression of the defendant’s guilt (Aristotle II.24, B. 401b). Again, it is possible to attempt to generalize from one event, an accident, a consequence, or an alleged but not real cause (Aristotle II.24, B. 1401b). Avoiding mention of time or situation may serve to adduce a false conclusion (Aristotle II.24, B. 1402a).




0 Comments

Prove It Or Disprove It!

12/18/2015

0 Comments

 
Fridays are for Philosophy  12/18/15
Aristotle, and W. Rhys Roberts. Rhetoric. Mineola, NY: Dover, 2004. Kindle Electronic Edition.
Book II, chapter 23.

Aristotle now begins to discuss ways of proving or disproving an argument. He begins by pointing out that opposites must be truly opposites for a proof to work. For example, “Temperence is beneficial; for licentiousness is hurtful” (Aristotle 2.23, B. 1397a). If in fact one part of the statement is false, the other likely is as well. A second proof would be by means of considering all possible meanings of key words. Because of semantic range, some arguments may be overturned. There are also some situations in which an action may not be appropriate or one can be shown to be appropriate based on the other. For instance, if it is not inappropriate for one person to pay taxes, it is all right to collect the taxes (Aristotle 2:23, B. 1397b). An a fortiori argument says that if the less likely condition is true the more likely one will be also (Aristotle 2.23, B. 1397b). Some arguments can work based on time. If an action was allowed at one time it may be expected at another time (Aristotle 2.23, B. 1398a). In a debate, if it is possible to get the opponent to admit to what he says is disallowed in you it is normally positive (Aristotle 2.23, B. 1398a). Defining terms carefully can lead to a successful argument based on the defined terms (Aristotle 2.23, B. 1398a). An inductive argument may also indicate that conditions were right for a certain argument (Aristotle 2.23, B. 1398b). An argument from precedent is often viable (Aristotle 2.23, B. 1399a). Refutation or proof of separate parts of an argument is also quite effective (Aristotle 2.23, B. 1399a). Consequences of an action may be used to indicate whether it is wise or not. Related to this idea, showing that similar results come from sinister causes is often effective (Aristotle 2.23, B. 1399b). Aristotle also endorses arguments based on motives, rather than fact (Aristotle 2.23, B. 1399b). Argument based on incredible events or contradictions may be easily refuted (Aristotle 2.23, B. 1400a). Comparing actions or past history often prove useful in argumentation (Aristotle 2.23, B. 1400b).
0 Comments

Talking with your Whole Body

12/18/2015

0 Comments

 
Fridays are for Philosophy  12/18/15
Wilson, Douglas, and Nathan D. Wilson. The Rhetoric Companion: A Student's Guide to Power in Persuasion. Moscow, Idaho: Canon, 2011.
Lesson 29, “Stance and Gestures” pp. 141-144.

Wilson points out that not only the voice is the speaking instrument. It is, in fact, the whole body in the setting (Wilson 2011, 141). Wilson advises little foot motion during a speech, maintaining a solid stance. In case of motion, the speaker must control the situation, including knowledge of information (Wilson 2011, 142). Being able to see any needed notes or cues is important, as is comfort with all the surroundings. Use of gestures may seem natural or unnatural. Careful forethought is necessary (Wilson 2011, 143).
0 Comments

Elements of Elocution

12/11/2015

0 Comments

 
Fridays are for Philosophy  12/11/15
Wilson, Douglas, and Nathan D. Wilson. The Rhetoric Companion: A Student's Guide to Power in Persuasion. Moscow, Idaho: Canon, 2011.
Lesson 28, “Elocution” pp. 137-139.

Wilson now reminds the reader that “elocution is the art of speaking distinctly, clearly, and well with regard to the pronunciation and relations of your words” (Wilson 2011, 137). Considering the voice as a musical instrument, how is the speech best performed? Wilson divides the delivery into tone “quality, force, pitch, movement, stress, and intervals” (Wilson 2011, 137). Consideration of each qualitative aspect can make a speech achieve its maximum effect.
0 Comments

What's an Enthymeme?

12/11/2015

0 Comments

 
Fridays are for Philosophy  12/11/15
Aristotle, and W. Rhys Roberts. Rhetoric. Mineola, NY: Dover, 2004. Kindle Electronic Edition.
Book II, chapter 22.

After having spent considerable time working with different elements of an argument, Aristotle begins to discuss Enthymemes, previously introduced as syllogisms. Aristotle urges the speaker to avoid making obscure arguments. Simplicity is almost always more accepted (Aristotle II.22, B. 1395b). “The first thing we have to remember is this. Whether our argument concerns public affairs or some other subject, we must know some, if not all, of the facts about the subject on which we are to speak and argue” (Aristotle II.22, B. 1396a). Facts which are specific to a case are superior to generalizations.

Aristotle then moves into classes of enthymemes, which he considers first to be either those which prove or those which disprove a proposition (Aristotle II.22, B. 1396b). “The demonstrative enthymeme is formed by the conjunction of compatible propositions; the refutative, by the conjunction of incompatible propositions” (Aristotle II.22, B. 1396b).
0 Comments

What Is a Maxim?

12/4/2015

0 Comments

 
Fridays are for Philosophy  12/4/15
Aristotle, and W. Rhys Roberts. Rhetoric. Mineola, NY: Dover, 2004. Kindle Electronic Edition.
Book II, chapter 21.

Aristotle now considers Maxims. A maxim is a general statement about practical conduct. In general, the premise in an enthymeme is a maxim (Aristotle II.21, B. 1394a). Aristotle identifies four types of maxims. Some need a supplement as proof and some do not. Some which have a supplement are part of an enthymeme (Aristotle II.21, B. 1394b). “The use of Maxims is appropriate only to elderly men, and in handling subjects in which the speaker is experienced (Aristotle II.21, B. 1395a).
0 Comments

Good Reading Leads to Good Writing

12/4/2015

0 Comments

 
Fridays are for Philosophy  12/4/15
Wilson, Douglas, and Nathan D. Wilson. The Rhetoric Companion: A Student's Guide to Power in Persuasion. Moscow, Idaho: Canon, 2011.
Lesson 27, “Style and Reading” pp. 133-136.

Wilson reminds the reader that we learn by imitation. Since this is the case, we do well to read excellent examples (Wilson 2011, 133). He illustrates with quotations from H.L. Mencken, C.S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkein, P.J. O’Rourke, Ambrose Bierce, and G.K. Chesterton (Wilson 2011, 133-135). Wilson’s goal is to encourage the reader to dissect good writing, play with the words and patterns, and learn by imitation.
0 Comments

Indirect Information

11/27/2015

0 Comments

 
Fridays are for Philosophy  11/27/15
Wilson, Douglas, and Nathan D. Wilson. The Rhetoric Companion: A Student's Guide to Power in Persuasion. Moscow, Idaho: Canon, 2011.
Lesson 26, “Indirect Information.” pp. 129-131

In this lesson Wilson continues to remind the reader of the importance of metaphor found in the world. Wilson sees words as full of “metaphorical freight” (Wilson 2011, 129). He then uses the hypostatic union of God and man in Christ to say that we “search the world for indicators of ultimate meaning” (Ibid.). His conclusion is that our most fruitful use of language and theology is to allow the Bible to speak vividly. As we read behind the actions to the importance of those actions we find underlying and ultimate meaning. As a rhetorician apparently attempting to force the reader to make inferences, Wilson does not state his conclusion. He merely says, “Let your speech be gravid with metaphor” (Ibid., 131).
0 Comments

For Instance...

11/27/2015

0 Comments

 
Fridays are for Philosophy  11/27/15
Aristotle, and W. Rhys Roberts. Rhetoric. Mineola, NY: Dover, 2004. Kindle Electronic Edition.
Book II, chapter 20.

Aristotle here discusses the two main types of argument which are applied to all rhetoric. They are “example” and “enthymeme”, which includes “maxim” (Aristotle II.20, B 1393a). An argument by example is based on inductive reasoning. The reasoning comes from examples either of real or invented “facts” (Aristotle II.20, B 1393a). The speaker tells the story from the past and urges action consistent with the action needed in the past. It is perfectly valid to make a parallel between an illustration and a real, current situation (Aristotle II.20, B 1393b). Fables work well for these parallels, but “it is more valuable for the political speaker to supply them by quoting what has actually happened, since in most respects the future will be like what the past has been” (Aristotle II.20, B 1394a). Aristotle urges use of Enthymeme, but provision of additional evidence using these examples.
0 Comments

Style as Central to Communication

11/20/2015

0 Comments

 
Fridays are for Philosophy  11/20/15
Wilson, Douglas, and Nathan D. Wilson. The Rhetoric Companion: A Student's Guide to Power in Persuasion. Moscow, Idaho: Canon, 2011.
Lesson 25, “Metaphor and Style.” pp. 123-128

Wilson moves from his discussion of poetic expression to the idea of style. The style of the author or speaker is central to the communication. It is not an extra accessory. Furthermore, the style of the speaker is aimed at capturing an overarching metaphor (Wilson 2011, 123). Because all of creation is expressed to us as an expression of God, it all speaks somehow about God. Likewise our words eventually speak about us. Wilson therefore urges speakers that the content of their speech should ultimately be God’s revelation (Ibid., 124). Wilson, as a consistent Calvinist, urges his students to view their role in the world as that of taking dominion over what they have been given, whether works or materials (Ibid., 127). Therefore the work of the orator is to take words and therefore thoughts into submission, using them to show the centrality of the presence of God in all of life.
0 Comments

Either Possible or Impossible, Never Both

11/20/2015

0 Comments

 
Fridays are for Philosophy  11/20/15
Aristotle, and W. Rhys Roberts. Rhetoric. Mineola, NY: Dover, 2004. Kindle Electronic Edition.
Book II, chapter 19.

Aristotle writes about the relation of that which is possible and that which is impossible. He first reminds the reader “that if it is possible for one of a pair of contraries to be or happen, then it is possible for the other (Aristotle II.19, B 1392a). For example, if someone can be cured he can become il. If a harder thing is possible, so is the easier. If a beautiful house can be built, a house in general can be built. If an outcome is possible, so is its cause. Aristotle also looks at matters of “past fact” (Aristotle II.19, B 1392b). Again considering two related events, if the less likely has occurred, it is likely that the more likely has also. If an outcome usually happens, it is likely to have happened in the past. To determine future fact we use the same process (Aristotle II.19, B 1393a). If there is both desire and ability to do something it will be done. If it is normal for something to happen now and in the past, it is likely in the future.
0 Comments

What's Your Purpose?

11/13/2015

0 Comments

 
Fridays are for Philosophy  11/13/15
Aristotle, and W. Rhys Roberts. Rhetoric. Mineola, NY: Dover, 2004. Kindle Electronic Edition.
Book II, chapter 18.

“The use of persuasive speech is to lead to decisions” (Aristotle II.18, B 1391b. It may be applied to individuals, groups, or propositions. In ceremonial speeches also the speaker intends the audience to decide something. The arguments or oratory are generally related to possibility of a situation or size, scope, or importance. Arguments may also be structured in enthymeme or by examples (Aristotle II.18, B 1391b).
0 Comments

Metric Speech Is Often Good!

11/13/2015

0 Comments

 
Fridays are for Philosophy  11/13/15
Wilson, Douglas, and Nathan D. Wilson. The Rhetoric Companion: A Student's Guide to Power in Persuasion. Moscow, Idaho: Canon, 2011.
Lesson 24, “Still More Rhythm of Words.” pp. 119-121

Wilson continues his foray into poetic meter and rhythm, urging the reader to find and use poetic elements in prose. The most common forms in English are the iamb (._ ._ ._ ._) and the trochee (_._._._.) (Wilson 2011, 119). He also reminds the reader of the anapest (.._ .._ .._ .._ ) and the dactyl (_.. _.. _.. _..). Then he illustrates how a sentence with rhythm can be especially memorable. We close these notes with one example from p. 120.

  1. Unmetered speech - Talk about it. Try to decide maybe.
  2. Metered speech - Talk about the issue first, and then perhaps you might decide.
0 Comments

Character and Power

11/6/2015

0 Comments

 
Fridays are for Philosophy  11/6/15
Aristotle, and W. Rhys Roberts. Rhetoric. Mineola, NY: Dover, 2004. Kindle Electronic Edition.
Book II, chapter 17.

What type of character does power produce? Aristotle says it is fairly obvious. “Those in power are more ambitious and more manly in character than the wealthy, because they aspire to do the great deeds that their power permits them to do” (Aristotle II.17, B 1391a). People in positions of authority realize their responsibility. “They are dignified rather than arrogant” (Aristotle II.17, B 1391a). Aristotle notes that wealth and good fortune tend to overlap with having power.
0 Comments

Rhythm of Words

11/6/2015

0 Comments

 
Fridays are for Philosophy  11/6/15
Wilson, Douglas, and Nathan D. Wilson. The Rhetoric Companion: A Student's Guide to Power in Persuasion. Moscow, Idaho: Canon, 2011.
Lesson 23, “The Rhythm of Words: 2.” pp. 115-118

After a foray into poetry writing, Wilson suggests that prose also has meter. The meter of prose, however, is much more free. Just as words have meter, Wilson affirms that thoughts have meter. The thoughts draw the reader or listener through an argument while the words draw the reader through the expressions of the argument. Wilson illustrates how various ways of expressing the same idea may fit different situations (Wilson 2011, 116). In a larger speech event, the writer will use rhythm and meter, spee, hesitation, and fluidity at the best times to accomplish their purposes (Ibid., 117).
0 Comments

Poetic Rhythm

10/30/2015

0 Comments

 
Fridays are for Philosophy  10/30/15
Wilson, Douglas, and Nathan D. Wilson. The Rhetoric Companion: A Student's Guide to Power in Persuasion. Moscow, Idaho: Canon, 2011.
Lesson 22, “The Rhythm of Words: 1.” pp. 107-114

In this lesson Wilson urges the reader to pay attention to the cadence and sounds of words, as well as their arrangement. He begins by seeking out a definition of poetry (Wilson 2011, 107). After quoting several authors, Wilson settles on “the metrical use of words and figures in imaginative and concentrated form” (Ibid., 108). To improve ability with words and rhythm, Wilson suggests studying poetic meters. He views writing poetry as a powerful exercise in learning to write prose.

English poetry is based primarily on stressed and unstressed syllables. A repetitive stress pattern creates a poetic “foot.” The poetic feet have various patterns which are named (ibid., 108). Wilson illustrates these patterns. using a _ for a stressed syllable and a . for an unstressed one, we can make these patterns (Ibid. 110).

Iambic  ._ ._ ._ ._
Trochaic  _. _. _. _.
Anapestic  .._ .._ .._ .._
Dactylic _.. _.. _.. _..

Poetic lines are then identified by how many feet they have, such as a trochaic tetrameter _._._._.

Various arrangements of rhyme may also exist, with the last sounds of each line or every other line matching as the most common patterns. Wilson details the patterns found in sonnets and suggests practice with words and ideas via writing orderly poetry (Ibid., 112).
0 Comments

Wealth and Character

10/30/2015

0 Comments

 
Fridays are for Philosophy  10/30/15
Aristotle, and W. Rhys Roberts. Rhetoric. Mineola, NY: Dover, 2004. Kindle Electronic Edition.
Book II, chapter 16.

Aristotle addresses character issues among the wealthy. “Wealthy men are insolent and arrogant; their possession of wealth affects their understanding; they feel as if they had every good thing that exists; wealth becomes a sort of standard value for everything else, and therefore they imagine there is nothing it cannot buy” (II.16, B 1391a). Aristotle sees wealthy people as luxurious, ostentatious, and vulgar. Those who have recently become rich show these characteristics in a greater degree than those accustomed to wealth.
0 Comments

Invention and Arrangement

10/23/2015

0 Comments

 
Fridays are for Philosophy  10/23/15
Wilson, Douglas, and Nathan D. Wilson. The Rhetoric Companion: A Student's Guide to Power in Persuasion. Moscow, Idaho: Canon, 2011.
Lesson 21, “Invention and Arrangement.” pp. 101-105

Wilson reminds the reader that in invention a speaker identifies ideas but in arrangement the speaker selects the ideas to use and puts them in order. The speaker tries to identify the need of the audience and speak to it (Wilson 2011, 101). In general, a speaking opportunity will follow a predictable pattern. First, an exordium, the introduction appropriate to the occasion (Ibid.). Next, a naratio may be necessary. This lays out the important details of the case. It is not the argument but lays out the facts (Ibid., 102). Next you may wish to use a partitio, describing various points of view as a road map for the argument (Ibid., 103). The propositio comes next. This is the thesis of your argument, using information the audience now knows. Fifth comes the confirmatio and refutatio in which the propositio is defended and opposing points of view are refuted (Ibid.). Finally, the peroratio concludes the argument, damages the ethos of the opponents, and creates sympathy for the speaker’s point of view (Ibid., 104).
0 Comments

Advantages of Birth

10/23/2015

0 Comments

 
Fridays are for Philosophy  10/23/15
Aristotle, and W. Rhys Roberts. Rhetoric. Mineola, NY: Dover, 2004. Kindle Electronic Edition.
Book II, chapter 15.

In this very short transitional chapter Aristotle introduces “those Gifts of Fortune by which human character is affected” (II.15, B 1390b). Here he discusses the gift of good birth. People who are well born tend to be ambitious. It is not synonymous with being noble, which is “being true to the family nature” (II.15, B 1390b). The person who is well born may or may not turn out well, but is more likely to do so than the average.
0 Comments

Am I in My Prime?

10/16/2015

0 Comments

 
Fridays are for Philosophy  10/16/15
Aristotle, and W. Rhys Roberts. Rhetoric. Mineola, NY: Dover, 2004. Kindle Electronic Edition.
Book II, chapter 14

Aristotle has discussed the temperaments of the young and the old. He now observes that men in their prime are “free from the extremes of either” the young or the old (II.14 B 1390a). They tend to be confident rather than rash or timid. They trust where trust is due. Their judgment is reasoned and careful. “To put it generally, all the valuable qualities that youth and age divide between them are united in the prime of life, while all their excesses or defects are replaced by moderation and fitness” (II.14, B 1390a). Aristotle considers that men are in their prime bodily from age 30-35 and in their minds about ages 30-49.




0 Comments

Refutations - Overturning Arguments

10/16/2015

0 Comments

 
Fridays are for Philosophy  10/16/15
Wilson, Douglas, and Nathan D. Wilson. The Rhetoric Companion: A Student's Guide to Power in Persuasion. Moscow, Idaho: Canon, 2011.
Lesson 20, “Invention, Stasis, and the Confirmation and Refutatio” pp. 97-99.

Wilson, counter to the typical order of the progymnasmata, places confirmatio prior to refutatio. This may be warranted depending on the occasion of a speech. “The confirmation is where the speaker assembles the pieces. The refutatio is where he tries to keep his worthy adversary from being able to disassemble the pieces” (Wilson 2011, 97). While it might be tempting to either ignore one’s opponent’s actual arguments or to catalog and address each one, Wilson suggests finding the strategically important point. “A point is strategic when it meets two criteria: being both decisive and feasible. In military terms, a point is decisive when, if captured, the enemy’s cause is lost. It is feasible if you can do it” (Wilson 2011, 97). In all argumentation we must remember the appeal to ethos, not allowing ourselves to seem inhuman and therefore easily attacked (Wilson 2011, 98). In short, find the absolutely critical point of an opponent’s argument which can be overcome. You then win the point.




0 Comments
<<Previous

    ​Help Fuel This Ministry by Clicking Here!

    All the work of Wittenberg Door Campus Ministry, including this blog, is supported by the generosity of people like you. Please consider joining our team of prayer and financial supporters. Read more here!
    Please Note: The opinions presented in blog posts are not necessarily those of Wittenberg Door Campus Ministry. Frequently we report on contrary views, often without comment. Please chime in on the discussion.

    About Throwing Inkwells

    When Martin Luther was dealing with struggles in his life he once saw what appeared to be an angelic being. Not trusting that he was going to be informed by someone other than the God revealed in Scripture, he took the appearance to be untrustworthy and hurled his inkwell at it. The chipped place in the plaster wall is still visible at the Wartburg Castle, though apparently the ink stain on the wall has been refreshed periodically by the caretaker.

    Blog Feeds

    RSS Feed

    Want to keep up with what's happening at Wittenberg Door? Subscribe to our mailing list!

    Categories

    All
    1 Corinthians
    1 John
    1 Kings
    1 Peter
    1 Samuel
    1 Thessalonians
    1 Timothy
    2019-02-feb
    2 Chronicles
    2 Corinthians
    2-john
    2 Kings
    2 Peter
    2 Samuel
    2 Thessalonians
    2 Timothy
    3-john
    Academic-success
    Acts
    Advent 1
    Advent-1-a
    Advent-1b
    Advent-1c
    Advent 2
    Advent-2-a
    Advent-2b
    Advent-2c
    Advent 3
    Advent-3-a
    Advent-3b
    Advent-3c
    Advent 4
    Advent-4-a
    Advent-4b
    Advent-4c
    Akagi 2016
    Alesso-2009
    Alexander 1999
    Allegory
    Allitt-2010
    All Saints' Day
    Alon 1996
    Amos
    Anaphora
    Anointing
    Anunciation
    Apollinaris Of Hierapolis
    Apostolical Constitutions
    Aristides Of Athens
    Aristotle
    Aryeh 2021
    Ascension Day
    Ash Wednesday
    Athenagoras Of Athens
    Audet 1996
    Augustine
    Bakker 1993
    Balabanski 1997
    Bammel 1996
    Baptism
    Baptism Of Christ
    Baptism-of-the-lord-b
    Bardy 1938
    Baron 2019
    Baron & Maponya 2020
    Bauckham 1984
    Bauckham 2006
    Bauckham 2007
    Beale 1984
    Belief
    Belonging
    Ben-Amos 1999
    Betz 1996
    Biesenthal 1893
    Bigg 1904
    Bigg 1905
    Blogcation
    Blomberg 1984
    Boehme-2010
    Botha 1967
    Botha 1993
    Braaten 2007
    Bruce1988
    Bruce-1988
    Bryennios
    Butler 1960
    Caneday 2017
    Canonicity
    Capon1998
    Capon-1998
    Carr 2010
    Carson-1991
    Carson-moo-2005
    Catholicism
    Cerfaux 1959
    Chilton 1984
    Chrismation
    Christmas-1b
    Christmas-1c
    Christmas Dawn
    Christmas-day
    Christmas Eve
    Christmas Midnight
    Chronicles
    Circumcision And Naming Of Christ
    Cody 1995
    Colossians
    Conditions
    Confession Of Peter
    Confessions
    Connolly 1932
    Connolly 1933
    Connolly 1934
    Constanza-2013
    Cooper & Lioy 2018
    Costa 2021
    Court 1981
    Culley 1986
    Cyprian
    Daly 1978
    Daniel
    Danielou 1956
    Davids 1984
    Davis 1995
    DeHalleux 1996
    Dehandschutter 1995
    Deuteronomy
    Didache
    Diversity
    Divine Fellowship
    Dix 1933
    Dix2005
    Dix-2005
    Doane 1994
    Draper
    Draper 1984
    Draper 1989
    Draper 1995
    Draper-1996
    Draper-1997
    Draper-2000
    Draper-2006
    Dube 2016
    Due 2003
    Easter-2
    Easter-2a
    Easter2b
    Easter-2c
    Easter-3
    Easter-3a
    Easter-3b
    Easter-3c
    Easter-4
    Easter-4a
    Easter-4b
    Easter-4c
    Easter-5
    Easter-5a
    Easter-5b
    Easter-6
    Easter-6a
    Easter-6b
    Easter-6c
    Easter-7
    Easter-7a
    Easter-7b
    Easter-7c
    Easter-b
    Easter-day
    Easter-monday
    Easter-sunday-a
    Easter-sunday-c
    Easter-sunrise
    Easter-tuesday
    Easter-wednesday
    Ecclesiastes
    Eleutheria2014
    Elman-1999
    Ephesians
    Epiphany
    Epiphany-1c
    Epiphany-2-a
    Epiphany-2c
    Epiphany-3-a
    Epiphany-3b
    Epiphany-3c
    Epiphany-4-a
    Epiphany-4b
    Epiphany-4c
    Epiphany-5-a
    Epiphany-5b
    Epiphany-5c
    Epiphany-6-a
    Epiphany-6c
    Epiphany-7-a
    Epiphany-c
    Epistle Of Barnabas
    Esther
    Eucharist
    Eve-of-the-circumcision-of-christ
    Exodus
    Exodus-20
    Experiential Reading
    Eybers 1975
    Ezekiel
    Ezra
    Fagerberg1988
    Fagerberg-1988
    Farrell-1987
    Flew-2007
    Flusser-1996
    Forde-2007
    Fraade-1999
    France-2007
    Galatians
    Garrow 2004
    Gender
    Genesis
    Gero 1977
    Gibbins 1935
    Gibbs 2006
    Glover-1958
    Goga & Popa 2019
    Gonzalez-2010
    Good-friday
    Gospels
    Grosvener-schaff-1885
    Grosvenor-1884
    Guardian-of-jesus
    Habakkuk
    Haggai
    Hagner 1984
    Harnack-1884
    Harris 1887
    Harris 1984
    Hearon 2004
    Hearon 2010
    Hebrews
    Heilmann 2018
    Henderson1992
    Henderson-1992
    Henderson 1995
    Hezser 2010
    History
    Hoffman-1986
    Holy Cross Day
    Holy-innocents
    Holy-saturday
    Horsley 2010
    Hosea
    Hutchens2013
    Hymes-1994
    Ignatius Of Antioch
    Infertility
    Isaiah
    Jaffee-1999
    James
    James Of Jerusalem
    James The Elder
    Jefford 1989
    Jefford 1995
    Jeffreys-1986
    Jeremiah
    Jerome
    Job
    Joel
    John
    Jonah
    Jones & Mirecki 1995
    Joseph
    Joshua
    Jude
    Judges
    Jungmann-1959
    Justin Martyr
    Kelber-1987
    Kelber-1995
    Kelber 2002
    Kelber 2010
    Kelber & Sanders 2010
    Kevil
    Kings
    Kleinig-2013
    Kloppenborg 1979
    Kloppenborg 1995
    Koch2010
    Kok 2015
    Kolb2000
    Kolb-2000
    Kolbarand2008
    Kolb-arand-2008
    Kurekchomycz2009
    Lake 1905
    Lamentations
    Last-sunday-of-the-church-year
    Last-sunday-of-the-church-year-a
    Last-sunday-of-the-church-year-b
    Last-sunday-of-the-church-year-c
    LaVerdiere 1996
    Layton 1968
    Lectionary
    Lent-1
    Lent-1-a
    Lent-1b
    Lent-1c
    Lent-2
    Lent-2-a
    Lent-2b
    Lent-2c
    Lent-3
    Lent-3-a
    Lent-3b
    Lent-3c
    Lent-4
    Lent-4-a
    Lent-4b
    Lent-4c
    Lent-5
    Lent-5-a
    Lent-5b
    Lent-5c
    Lessing2014
    Lessing-2014
    Leviticus
    Lincoln-1885
    Lindemann 1997
    Literary Character
    Liturgy
    Livesey 2012
    Long-2009
    Lord-1986
    Lord-1987
    Lord's Prayer
    Luke
    Luther
    Maas-2014
    Maccoull-1999
    Maier 1984
    Malachi
    Manuscripts
    Mark
    Marty-2016
    Martyrdom Of John The Baptist
    Martyrs
    Mary Magdalene
    Mary Mother Of Our Lord
    Mason-1998
    Massaux 1993 (1950)
    Matthew
    Matthias
    Mazza 1995
    Mazza-1996
    Mazza 1999
    Mbamalu 2014
    McDonald 1980
    McDonnell & Montague 1991
    McKean 2003
    Mcknight-2014
    Micah
    Middleton 1935
    Milavec 1995
    Milavec-2003
    Milavec2012
    Miller 2019
    Missional
    Mitch-2010
    Mitchell 1995
    Molina-evers-1998
    Monday-in-holy-week
    Montenyohl-1993
    Morris-1992
    Motyer-1993
    Mueller-2006
    Muilenburg 1929
    Music
    Nahum
    Nehemiah
    Neufeld-1999
    Newsletter
    Newtestament
    New Testament
    Niditch-1995
    Niditch 2003
    Niebuhr 1956
    Niederwimmer-1982
    Niederwimmer 1995
    Niederwimmer-1996
    Numbers
    Obadiah
    Oldtestament
    Old Testament
    Olsen-1986
    Ong-1987
    Ong-1988
    Ong-1995
    Oralit
    Orality
    Ordination
    Orphan-hosting
    Osborne-2002
    Osborne-2013
    Ozment1980
    Ozment-1980
    Palm-sunday
    Palm-sunday-a
    Palm-sunday-c
    Pardee 1995
    Parks-1986
    Passionb
    Patterson 1995
    Pearce-1993
    Pentateuch
    Pentecost-10a
    Pentecost-10b
    Pentecost-10c
    Pentecost-11a
    Pentecost-11b
    Pentecost-11c
    Pentecost-12a
    Pentecost-12b
    Pentecost-12c
    Pentecost-13a
    Pentecost-13b
    Pentecost13c
    Pentecost-13c
    Pentecost-14a
    Pentecost-14b
    Pentecost-14c
    Pentecost-15
    Pentecost-15a
    Pentecost-15b
    Pentecost-15c
    Pentecost-16
    Pentecost-16a
    Pentecost-16b
    Pentecost-16c
    Pentecost-17a
    Pentecost-17b
    Pentecost 17C
    Pentecost-18a
    Pentecost-18b
    Pentecost 18 C
    Pentecost-19a
    Pentecost-19b
    Pentecost 19 C
    Pentecost-1a
    Pentecost-20a
    Pentecost-20b
    Pentecost 20 C
    Pentecost-21a
    Pentecost-21b
    Pentecost 21 C
    Pentecost-22a
    Pentecost-22b
    Pentecost 22 C
    Pentecost-23a
    Pentecost-23b
    Pentecost 23 C
    Pentecost-24a
    Pentecost-24b
    Pentecost-24-c
    Pentecost-25b
    Pentecost-25-c
    Pentecost-26b
    Pentecost-26-c
    Pentecost-2a
    Pentecost-2b
    Pentecost-2c
    Pentecost-3a
    Pentecost-3b
    Pentecost-3c
    Pentecost-4a
    Pentecost-4b
    Pentecost-4c
    Pentecost-5a
    Pentecost-5b
    Pentecost-5c
    Pentecost-6a
    Pentecost-6b
    Pentecost-6c
    Pentecost-7a
    Pentecost-7b
    Pentecost-7c
    Pentecost-8a
    Pentecost-8b
    Pentecost-8c
    Pentecost-9a
    Pentecost-9b
    Pentecost-9c
    Pentecost-b
    Pentecost-c
    Pentecost Eve
    Pentecost Monday
    Pentecost Sunday
    Pentecost Tuesday
    Petersen 1994
    Peterson2010
    Peterson 2010
    Philemon
    Philippians
    Philosophy
    Picirilli 1988
    Pick 1908
    Pieper1924
    Pieper 1924
    Pieper 1968
    Piper 1947
    Powell 2000
    Prayer
    Preaching
    Presentation Of Our Lord
    Proctor 2019
    Proper-19c
    Proper-20c
    Proper 21C
    Proper 22C
    Proper 23C
    Proper 24C
    Proper 25C
    Proper 26C
    Proper 27C
    Proper 28C
    Prophets
    Proverbs
    Psalm
    Psalms
    Quinquagesima
    Quintilian
    Rabbinic Character
    Real Presence
    Receptivity
    Reed 1995
    Reformation
    Reformation Day
    Reinhartz 2018
    Resurrection
    Revelation
    Rhetoric
    Rhoads 2010
    Richardson & Gooch 1984
    Riggs 1995
    Ritual Meal
    Romans
    Rordorf 1996
    Rosenberg 1986
    Rosenberg 1987
    Rosenfeld-levene-2012
    Rueger-2016
    Russo 1994
    Ruth
    Sacrament
    Sacrifice
    Saenger 1999
    Sailhamer1992
    Sailhamer-1992
    Sale 1996
    Samuel
    Scaer2004
    Scaer-2004
    Schaff 1886
    Schaff 1888
    Schaff 1889
    Schaff 2014
    Schaff-2014
    Schollgen
    Schwarz 2005
    Scriptural Usage
    Seeliger 1996
    Septuagesima
    Sermon
    Sexagesima
    Simon And Jude
    Smith-2009
    Smith 2018
    Sommerville-2006
    Songofsongs
    St. Andrew
    Stark 1997
    St. Barnabas
    St. Bartholomew
    St. John
    St. John The Baptist
    St Luke
    St Mark
    St Matthew
    St. Matthias
    St Michael And All Angels
    St. Paul
    St. Peter And Paul
    St Philip And St James
    Strawbridge 2017
    St. Stephen
    St. Thomas
    St. Titus
    Sunday Of The Passion
    Tatian
    Taylor 1888
    TDNT
    Teaching
    Telfer 1939
    Tertullian
    Textual Comparison
    Textual Integrity
    Theophilos 2018
    Theophilus Of Antioch
    Thielman 2010
    Thursday In Holy Week
    Timothy
    Titus
    Transfiguration
    Transfiguration-a
    Transfigurationb
    Transfiguration-c
    Trinity 1
    Trinity 10
    Trinity 11
    Trinity 12
    Trinity 13
    Trinity 14
    Trinity 15
    Trinity 16
    Trinity 17
    Trinity 18
    Trinity 19
    Trinity 2
    Trinity 20
    Trinity 21
    Trinity 22
    Trinity 23
    Trinity 3
    Trinity 4
    Trinity 5
    Trinity 6
    Trinity 7
    Trinity 8
    Trinity 9
    Trinity-a
    Trinity-b
    Trinity-c
    Trinity Sunday
    Tsang 2009
    Tuckett
    Tuesday In Holy Week
    Tuilier 1995
    Twelftree 1984
    Two Ways
    Ty 19
    Van Der Merwe 2017
    Van Der Merwe 2019
    Van Der Watt 2008
    Van De Sandt 2002
    Van De Sandt 2007
    Van-de-sandt-2010
    Van-de-sandt-2011
    Van De Sandt & Flusser 2002
    Van Deventer 2021
    Varner 2005
    Vatican II
    Veith1993
    Veith-1993
    Veith-sutton-2017
    Vikis-Freibergs 1997
    Visitation
    Voobus 1968
    Voobus 1969
    Warfield 1886
    Wasson & Toelken 1998
    Wednesday In Holy Week
    Wenham 1984
    Wenham 1992
    Weston-2009
    Wilson2011
    Wilson-2011
    Wilson20113470b5cf10
    Wolmarans 2005
    Wright 1984
    Young 2011
    Ysebaert-2002
    Zechariah
    Zephaniah

Proudly powered by Weebly